Acetamide is a substance that has several household and commercial uses. It is an amide of acetic acid. It is used in both cleaning products as well as commercial building products. Solvents, plasticizing agents, products designed to both wet and penetrate as well as lacquers use Acetamide in their products. It is also use in soldering flux. As an additional application, this product can also be found in explosives. This product is highly toxic and care should be used when exposed Acetamide. It has been found to cause cancer in laboratory animals; however, human studies are thus far inconclusive.

American Ginseng, used to strengthen the immune system, and increase strength and vigor. American Ginseng is considered to be an adaptogen, a substance that strengthens the body, helping it return to normal when it has been subjected to stress.

Betaine was named this due to the source it was discovered in, Beta vulgaris or sugar beets, is an organic compound that is deemed related to trimethylaminoethanol, or choline. To diversify it from other betaines, trimethylglycine is often called glycine betaine as well. Humans generally ingest betaine through their diet, because it is high in content in wheat, whole wheat, shellfish, sugar beets and spinach. It can also be formed in the human body out of choline. As a potential methyl donor, trimethylglycine, or TMG for short, is in the same provider group with Vitamin B12, the folic acid, choline and S-adenosyl methionine, or SAMe. TMG also plays a vital function in the production of carnitine, furthermore it works in protecting kidneys and the liver.

Caffeine is the most widely used legal stimulant of the central nervous system and is also used in AllMax Nutrition Muscle Prime, with characteristics that have been described as restoration of alertness and removing from drowsiness. Coffee, Tea, many soft drinks and energy drinks as well as nutrition supplements have this ingredient, which is a psychoactive substance, a xanthine alkaloid that can act as a adenosine receptor antagonist, as well as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Although regular use of caffeine seems to have nootropic effects, enhancing cognitive abilities, it also is known to provide long term effects on the nervous and cardiovascular system, like in one study it was proven that people with normal to low blood pressure have the possibility of developing a heart disease significantly reduced, as well as the chance of getting the Parkinson’s disease.

Calcium is a mineral that plays an important role in the development of the human body. It is common knowledge that calcium is important in preventing osteoporosis. However, calcium also provides structural support in the development of muscles. Deficiency in calcium could cause obesity because it triggers the release of parathyroid hormone that stimulates the production of fats in the body and inhibits its breakdown. It also reduces the blood pressure. Calcium also has the ability to fight colon cancer by binding itself with cancer cells to inhibit its growth and progression. It is also beneficial to women suffering from PMS or premenstrual syndrome such as depression, mood swings, anxiety, water retention, breast tenderness, and headaches.

Chromium is an essential mineral that plays an important role with how the body uses glucose. Chromium may be found in brewer’s yeast, grains, cereal and in some beers. It aids in maintaining the ideal blood sugar level which helps diabetic patients. It also helps in the metabolism and storage of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body that may help reduce fats. It helps improve muscle tone by burning the fats. It reduces hunger pangs, suppress cravings and appetite. It is help control the blood cholesterol level. It lowers the risks of cardiovascular problems. It also alleviates depression by stimulating the fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is important for brain function.

CoQ10 is a 1,4-benzoquinone where Q refers to the quinone chemical group and 10 refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits. This oil-soluble substance is present in most eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. CoQ10 is used as a dietary supplement. Its supplementation is used in very rare cases of mithocondrial disorders where patients are not capable of producing enough coenzyme Q10. Ubiquinone supplementation is also found to be useful in teratment of cancer and migraine.

Creatinol-O-Phosphate is not a form of creatine, it is named as such because of its molecular structure’s similarity to that of creatine. It basically acts like an intracellular buffer similar to carnosine, it stabilizes the acidity level and allows muscle contractions to continue. It increases the endurance of athletes letting them train harder and longer. Creatinol-O-Phosphate it is also resistant to biological process and is easily absorbed. It improves how the creatine acts in the muscle by prolonging the anaerobic glycolysis in the presence of lactic acid. It allows the muscles to push to the limit by acting as a buffer.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) helps maintain different forms of cells in the human body. For example, practices such as formation, maintenance and repair of red blood cells largely depend on Vitamin B12. It also takes care of the nerve cells in the body, helping maintain a strong nervous system. It is a key entity for regular formation of DNA in the body. In case of its deficiency in the body, abnormal cell formation, called megaloblasts, occur, which can cause anemia in the body. It is a good source of relieving the body from fatigue and weakness. Cyanocobalamin also helps reduce the cholesterol levels in the body. It is efficacious in treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) helps maintain different forms of cells in the human body. For example, practices such as formation, maintenance and repair of red blood cells largely depend on Vitamin B12. It also takes care of the nerve cells in the body, helping maintain a strong nervous system. It is a key entity for regular formation of DNA in the body. In case of its deficiency in the body, abnormal cell formation, called megaloblasts, occur, which can cause anemia in the body. It is a good source of relieving the body from fatigue and weakness. Cyanocobalamin also helps reduce the cholesterol levels in the body. It is efficacious in treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

DMAE Bitartrate is short name for dimethylaminoethanol. It is becoming popular as nutritional supplement because of its numerous health benefits. It is believed to increase mental cognition by boosting the levels of choline and acetylcholine; these two neurotransmitters improve mental focus, increase night time sleep and strengthen memory. Studies also show that DMAE bitartrate can improve memory loss by increasing blood flow to the brain. Research is also being conducted on its benefits in treatment of Alzheimer and other age-related brain disorders, preliminary results show its potential in treatment of these diseases.

Ginkgo Biloba, actually ginkgo biloba, is a unique species of a tree, is also deemed a living fossil, because it is deemed an ancient genus. All other genera are extinct, but in China it has been cultivate for centuries, so this species survived. While it was believed that no ginkgo plants were present in the wild, some areas in eastern China have been recently discovered. Ginkgo biloba extract is usually derived from the leaves and the inner seed of the fruit. It is due to certain flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids that certain nootropic properties have been observed, leading to clinical trials in treatments of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. In body building circles, this extract is being used as concentration and memory enhancer, increasing blood flow with antioxidant properties as an additional bonus.

Glucuronolactone is also used as a detoxicant but is actually a natural chemical produced by glucose metabolism in the human liver.

Huperzine A- The Chinese herb most popularly known as “Huperza serrata” consists of a chemical, which we know as Huperzine A. This chemical has been used as a medicine and especially for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease for several years. Huperzine A functions similar to a Cholinesterase substance. Similar to the medications prescribed by FDA, Huperzine A also increases the level of acetylcholine. In fact Huperzine A is considered to be more effective when compared to placebo. Huperzine A has been successful to show some improvement in the behavior, memory and cognition of Alzheimer’s sufferers. However, one can’t be under the misconception of Huperzine A being an effective treatment for all cases of Alzheimer’s disease as there is no proper evidence to support it yet.

L-Arginine - Several functions in our body are carried out by L-Arginine that is actually an amino acid. Its major advantage is to help the body get free of the waste product named ammonia. It also helps in the development of compounds such as L-proline, L-glutamate and creatine in the body. If required, it can also be converted into glycogen or glucose. The blood vessels in our body our relaxed by the compound named nitric oxide which is produced by the help of L-arginine. Another great advantage of L-arginine is the formation of protein in our body. Many other uses of L-arginine is found in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, healing of wounds, reducing high blood pressure and many more.

L-Aspartic Acid is deemed non essential in humans, since that it can be transaminated from oxaloacetate. Natural sources of L-Aspartic Acid are sugar cane and sugar beets, among others, like beef, poultry, eggs, potatoes, dairy, etc. Asparagine, which is deemed a synonym for L-Aspartic Acid, is required by the nervous system, but it also plays a vital part in the synthesis of ammonia. As an important participant in the citric acid circle in human metabolism, L-Aspartic Acid is vital for the proper function of many other amino acids and biochemical components, such as lysine, methionine, asparagine, arginine and isoleucine. L-Aspartic Acid seems to be able to increase stamina, thereby increasing the endurance in athletic competitions and workout regimes; furthermore it seems to increase the body’s resistance to fatigue.

L-Histidine is one of the amino acids present in proteins. In infants histidine is an essential amino acid and as the age advances it becomes a non-essential amino acid which can be synthesized by the body. L-Histidine is most commonly known as being a precursor to the allergy symptom producing hormone histamine. However histadine does have other roles to play in the body beyond causing allergies. L-Histadine is required by the body to regulate and utilise essential minerals like copper, zinc, iron, manganes etc. L-Histidine is also important in forming metal bearing enzymes like the antioxidant super oxide dismutase, iron storage proein ferritin, red blood cell haemoglobin etc. Depletion of L-Histidine can be recognised by low plasma concentrations of the amino acid, high blood serum levels.

L-Leucine is useful in conjunction with L-Valine and L-Isoleucine as an amino acid supplement. L-Leucine is an amino acid that a body cannot produce on its own. It is expected to be received externally from food sources such as brown rice and nuts or even through some of the dietary supplementation. L-Leucine is showing numerous advantages in the athletic qualities. Within six week of training with L-Leucine in association, a person is able to maximize the aerobic power. In the six weeks the strength and power in the upper body increases. However, research and studies is limited carried on the athletic performance. L-Leucine incorporated into the muscle protein in continuation with two weeks exercise regime will give adequate resistance and the muscle protein synthesis will certainly show an increase. L-Leucine is a preservative of the muscles, but is as well a supplement that enhances the capabilities of muscle building owing to the enhanced protein synthesis rate.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid obtainable from daily food sources we consume. It has many medicinal properties which benefit us in our daily lives. While it is mainly used in the treatment of herpes, it also helps us become stronger by building our muscle tissues. It helps us to recover form injuries and surgeries besides absorbing calcium for building healthy bones. It also regulates the production of antibodies, enzymes and hormones which are required for healthy immunity level. L-lysine when consumed in high doses can lead to serious conditions. Although L-lysine is important for good health, we never really realize we are consuming it. Deficiency of L-lysine causes lethargy, amnesia, enzyme disorders, reproductive problems and hair loss. Generally, L-lysine is present in all vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods. Fish and cereals have higher amount of L-lysine in them.

L-Methionine, an essential amino acid for the human body, acts as a building block for proteins. Since the body cannot produce it naturally, you need to take it through supplements and diet. This antioxidant is found in dairy products and meat and is essential for producing creatine. It is soluble in water and helps in breakdown of fats. You can also find L-Methionine in vegetables and fruits. Since it is a glycogenic amino acid, it helps in forming glycogen and D-glucose. On a daily basis, experts recommend only 13 mg of L-Methionine for adults. These supplements are not only effective in liver disease treatment but also beneficial for individuals who follow a vegetarian diet. You can enhance the quality of your skin, hair and nails by taking L-Methionine supplements.

L-Phenylalanine gained notoriety with the aspartame controversy where extensive internet bombardment against the artificial sweetener prompted a thorough cleaning by The Coca Cola Company and other interest groups. Now it seems that aspartame has more benefits to health than aspirin. L-Phenylalanine is an essential alpha amino acid that is deemed analgesic and antidepressant. It is hydrophobic and nonpolar, one of only twenty common amino acids that are used to produce protein as coded by the DNA. L-Phenylalanine can also convert into L-Tyrosine, which can then become L-DOPA, going forth to become norepinephrine, dopamine or epinephrine. Phenylalanine is very often found in foods, protein rich foods like meat, milk and milk products, poultry and fish, but also as already mentioned in the artificial sweetener aspartame.

L-Threonine optimizes the utilization of animals that you consume in order to deposit protein to the muscles and aides in weight gain.

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that may be found in foods such as meats, dairy products, wheat, fish, and oats. It plays an important role in the production of neurotransmitters such as L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine that aids in the proper functioning of the brain. It prevents feelings of anxiety, irritability, frustration, sadness and depression. It also helps in losing weight because it aids in suppressing appetite and cravings. It also has the ability to enhance the libido. L-Tyrosine also protects the skin from UV light rays by being converted into melanin. It also benefits people with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

L-Valine is an essential alpha amino acid and one of the three essential branched chain amino acids found in the human body. The other two essential BCAAs are leucine and isoleucine. The name is derived from the plant valerian. Valine is also classified as nonpolar and is known by sickle cell disease sufferers as the substitute amino acid for the glutamic acid, whereby the hydrophobic qualities of valine cause the hemoglobin to not fold correctly. Just like the other three BCAAs, the primary source of valine is through ingestion of proteins, where valine is a component; some such sources would be fish, peanuts, poultry, cottage cheese, lentils and sesame seeds. L-Valine is found in large quantities in muscles, whereby in the muscle metabolism it is essential for the restoration and tissue growth.

Magnesium is another mineral which is deemed essential for all biological life. As an essential part of basic nucleic acid, magnesium ions, together with phosphate ions, are also required for over 300 catalytic reactions of enzymes. Any enzymes synthesizing or utilizing adenosine triphosphate require a magnesium ion. Incredulously enough, magnesium deficiency is the most widespread deficiency, affecting a third of the population in the United States only, with third world countries surpassing the count easily. Being also essential, together with calcium and phosphorus, in the skeletal structure, magnesium deficiency is viewed as a main factor in ailments such as osteoporosis. Naturally available through cereals, green leafy vegetables, nuts, spices, tea, cocoa and coffee, magnesium is available as a supplement in magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate form, whereby the latter is viewed as more bioavailable.

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine or "NAC" is derived from simple amino acid cysteine and is of great medicinal value. N-acetyl-cysteine has the ability to neutralize cell and DNA damaging free radicals and therefore plays an important role in slowing down the process of aging. As such, it protects us from a wide range of modern toxins including paraquat (a toxic herbicide), acrolein (present in cigarette smoke and auto exhaust), halothane (an anesthetic), adriamycin (both anticancer drugs) and hazardous side effects of cyclophosphamide. Apart from this toxin protection, it also facilitates in converting and synthesizing glutathione, an amino acid that is found in every cell. This amino acid comprises of glycine, L-glutamic acid, and L-cysteine, out of which glycine and L-glutamic acid are present in large quantities in our diets. Despite this, our bodies can produce glutathione only in limited quantities due to limited availability of cysteine. N-acetyl-cysteine supplements thus help the body increase production of glutathione.

Niacin is a vitamin that wards against pellagra, a disease characterized by a vitamin B3 deficiency. Niacin is made from pyridine and is often called vitamin B3 or nicotinamide, because they all three have similar formulas. Niacin and nicotinamide are comparable in make up, but only niacin works to lower cholesterol levels. The restoration of DNA is also known to be a positive side effect of taking niacin. A fairly large number of individuals, particularly those in third world countries or those suffering from alcoholism, have been shown to be lacking in niacin. Niacin is often taken as a supplement by those with high cholesterol levels, as it has been proven to lower “bad” cholesterol and raise “good” cholesterol.

Peperine, an English term for Peperino, is a name coined for volcanic rocks that contains pieces of limes stone and basalt. Peperine is usually found with fragments of various minerals like crystals, mica, leucite, magnetite, augite and mica and commonly occurs in Alban Hills. Peperine is said to be used during ancient times as a building stone and sometimes as basins for their fountains. Peperine is usually brown or grey in color especially in Russia but on some places like Auvergne, Peperine are more of inclusions which are dark-colored thus, its name originated after its similarities with pepper-corns in terms of texture, color and overall characteristics. 

Phosphate (Phosphorus) is perhaps one of the most important mineral, which in form of phosphate as an intercellular anion serves a multitude of functions. Not only are phosphates essential for the utilization of most vitamins belonging to the B complex, but they are vital for energy storage and the overall metabolism. But that is not all, phosphate is essential for healthy bones and teeth, calcium with phosphorus are required for them and soft tissues as well. But also body fluids require phosphates for excretion of hydrogen ions through the kidneys. Somewhere around one per cent of the body weight should be phosphorus in some form, therefore it is vital to supply your body with sufficient phosphates through milk, cheese, nuts, peanut butter, peas and other sources, including supplements.

Potassium- Potassium is one of the essential minerals required for proper physiological functioning of the body. It plays an important role in the regulation of heart muscles. It helps to convert glucose to glycogen. Glycogen is essential for muscle formation. Potassium also helps to propagate nerve impulses by exchanging ion within cells and also helps in muscle contractions. It helps in balancing blood pressure. It controls the proper functioning of kidney. An average adult needs 3-5 gm of potassium daily. Due to deficiency of potassium, body observes tiredness. Other deficiency symptoms are weakness of muscles, low blood pressure, vomiting, poor kidney functions and Heart arrhythmias. Severe potassium shortages quickly direct to electrolyte disproportion which involves malfunctioning of nerves, kidney and heart.

Ribose, an organic compound is made from glucose within the body. It is an essential ATP (adenosine triphosphate) component which occurs in RNA (ribonucleic acid), essential information carrier of living organisms. Due to the use of ATP in high intensity workouts and RNA in protein synthesis, ribose supplements and drinks are getting popular for exercise performance and enhancement of energy. It also enhances the recovery of muscle tissue after an exercise regime. Ribose is also said to bring down the level of fatigue, post exercise. Even though it is a necessary nutrient for producing energy, it doesn’t act as fuel for the body. This naturally occurring sugar is great for patients who suffer from chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome. A daily dose of 5 grams of D-ribose has been recommended for bodybuilders.

Salix Alba Extract, with the common name of White willow, is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree belonging in the family Salicaceae and is commonly found in Europe and western and central Asia. Its name is derived from its white-toned underside of its leaves. The barks of this willow tree has been used as an alternative medicine to symptomatically treat abrasions or cuts, dysmenorrheal, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis because of its antirheumatic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties may be attributed to its biochemical content of salicin, which in medicine, are chiefly used in acute rheumatism to lower temperature, relieve pain and reduce reticular swelling. Moreover, S. alba contains tannins which, when applied to burned tissues, create a protective layer over the damaged portion. People allergic to NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are advised not to take this medicinal plant because of a possibility of cross-over hypersensitivity.

Selenium is a trace mineral that plays an important role in several metabolic pathways such as glutathione-peroxidise pathway. Selenium works with Vitamin E which gives its strong antioxidant effects and improves the immune system. It protects the body from prematurely aging. It also help prevent free radical damages that may cause heart diseases and cancer. It is essential in the proper function of the thyroid hormones, and promotes efficient metabolism. It is also beneficial in the reproductive health particularly of men because it facilitates in the sperm production, and prevents infertility. Selenium also helps reduce inflammation which is beneficial to those with rheumatism to reduce pain.

Sodium is the element that has the atomic number 11 in the periodic table and is commonly known as the main component in the table salt, together with chloride. Interestingly enough, it is probably the one dietary component which does require limitation rather than supplementation, since that average daily nutritional requirement is around half a gram per day. This most popular food seasoning, salt, is providing the most common source of sodium and chloride in human diets, but is generally overused and may cause health problems, such as high blood pressure, if consumed overly generously. The suggested dose of table salt, or rather the upper limit portion, would be somewhat less than 6 gram per day, according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, referenced by FDA. In the UK this limit is set at four grams per day.

Vinpocetine is a derivitate of the periwinkle plant and was developed in the latter part of the 1960’s. It can be used as a dietary supplement, which can be found online.

Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin and is one of the 8 B vitamins. It has the chemical formula C63H88CoN14O14P. In the absence of Vitamin B12, the brain and the nervous system will not be able to function properly. It also plays a key role in the formation of blood. Vitamin B12 was discovered from its relation to the ailment pernicious anemia. Plants and animals are not capable of synthesizing VitaminB12; the enzymes required for this purpose are found only in bacteria. Vitamin B12 deficiency in human beings is due to its complex human physiology. It is available singly or in combination with other supplements.

Vitamin B6 is one of the most important vitamins that play an essential role in the development and keeping the immune system healthy. Vitamin B6 is water soluble that contains pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. It is needed by the body in various functions such as red blood cell metabolism and conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to the vitamin niacin. It is also important in ensuring the efficient function of the nervous and immune systems. It helps manufacture proteins and neurotransmitters, haemoglobin, and prostaglandins. It also helps balance the hormones. Vitamin B6 is known to help give relief to women suffering from menopausal symptoms, and premenstrual syndromes. It also helps reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

Vitamin C, also known as Ascorbic (a-SKOR-bik) acid, is needed for many functions in the body, including helping the body use carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Vitamin C is found in most citrus fruits and green vegetables and is a strong antioxidant.

Vitamin E is the name for a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols that are soluble in fat and display antioxidant properties. The most important vitamin out of this group is alpha tocopherol, which professes the highest bioavailability, and therefore, was the most studied Vitamin E. Found in such foods as nuts, seeds, milk, wheat germ and most vegetable oils, this Vitamin is said to be perhaps the most important antioxidant in human nourishment, although this trait is not deemed the imperative reason why Vitamin E is required to be in every diet. Most clinical studies which were supposed to crown Vitamin E as the prevention from prostate cancer or cardiovascular wonder supplement have been either inconclusive or were discontinued due to poor results. Vitamin E deficiency results in neurological and neuromuscular problems, but also in failure to absorb fat.