Beta-Alanine, chemically termed as 3-aminopropionic acid, is the only naturally occurring beta amino acid. Though not an essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it in adequate amounts, it is a vital component of naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine. Its key role, when supplemented, is not on protein anabolism but more on its being a regulating precursor to carnosine. Carnosine helps stabilize muscular pH by regulating and balancing hydrogen ions during exercise. With this, an optimal pH range for muscular fibers is attained improving maximal strength and endurance throughout a workout session. Further, it brings on new muscle gains. Though generally safe to be used for up to 12 weeks of continuous intake, excessive intake, more than 10 mg per kilogram body weight showed toxicity characterized by mild to severe paresthesias.

Vitamin C- Perhaps the most popular vitamin, L-ascorbic acid is viewed as an essential nutrient and is required to synthesize collagen in humans. The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid, or Vitamin C for short, is the famous ingredient of oranges and other citrus fruits. It has been said that a glass of pure squeezed orange juice provides the daily requirement of Vitamin C. While the antioxidant function is deemed important, other biosynthetic functions are of vital significance. It provides an electron for eight different enzymes, besides the aforementioned synthesis of collagen; it aids the synthesis of carnitine and neurotransmitters, synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine and the metabolism of microsome. The additional function as a reducing agent, keeping iron and copper at bay is an additional trait.

Vitamin E consists of eight related vitamins that are all fat soluble and have antioxidant properties. The alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols with the corresponding tocotrienols all belong to the Vitamin E group, whereby the alpha-tocopherol has been found to be the most bioavailable form. Vitamin E is commonly found in food sources like eggs, milk, nuts, seeds, vegetable oil like olive oil, wholegrain foods, wheat germ, red palm oil, but also in asparagus and avocado fruits. While Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, several other properties have been noted as well, such as prevention of damage to neurons, cholesterol reduction and cancer prevention. Vitamin E has been also identified as a vital signaling molecule, whereby the primary necessity of Vitamin E to human survival is still not clear.